The other night I watched The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. This fascinating documentary takes the form of vintage footage and photographs interspersed with and narrated by an extended interview with the Kennedy- and Johnson-era Secretary of Defense, who was at President Kennedy's side during the Cuban Missile Crisis and is frequently blamed for (or credited with) the escalation in Vietnam.
At the time of filming, McNamara was 85 years old, and had (as he freely admitted) the benefit of decades of hindsight with which to justify the decisions he made an actions he took half a lifetime earlier. He admitted that he had made many mistakes, but was careful to share the blame with others around him. For example, he maintained that the escalation in Vietnam in the mid-1960s was President Johnson's doing rather than his own (though the press liked to call the conflict "McNamara's War"), and recently declassified recordings back him up. The tapes reveal that although McNamara and Kennedy had a plan to withdraw from Vietnam by 1965, Johnson overruled that plan, ordering more troops and more attacks. The recording reflects an astonishing display of aggressive authority by Johnson - he all but called Kennedy and McNamara cowards - and I felt myself wondering if the horrors of Vietnam could truly be traced to the scared feather-puffing of a man who never expected to be president and felt he had to distinguish himself somehow from his charismatic and martyred predecessor.
On the other hand, McNamara could have resigned at that point, but he did not - rather, he carried out Johnson's orders, with the full application of his powerful mind. It would be another three years before Johnson would finally go to far for McNamara to continue working with him. "I don't remember whether he fired me or I quit," McNamara said. Whichever it was, it seems to me too little too late to absolve McNamara of the the responsibility he was given for the progression of the war.
Although "The Fog of War" draws no overt parallels between the Vietnam era and any modern political situation (it was filmed in 2002 and released in 2003), but watching the film in 2004, it is hard not to do so. McNamara speaks of trying to "win over the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people while slaughtering them and bombing their nation into the stone age. Some of the "eleven lessons" around which the film is organized - distilled wisdom-bites such as "Empathize with your enemy," "There's something beyond one's self," or "Be prepared to reexamine your reasoning" - are teachings that it seems our modern leaders would do good to take to heart. The final lesson, though - "You can't change human nature" - points up the hopelessness that can't help but creep into the heart of anyone who tries to tackle the problems that foment conflict and war.
